QUICK REVIEW:
Motivation: Set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a goal: Specific need of desire, hunger, thirst, or achievement that prompts goal directed behavior
Emotion: Subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, and expressions: feelings such as fear, joy, or surprise that underlies behavior
Theories and Concepts of Motivation:
- Motivation and Behavior
- Theories and Concepts of Emotion
- Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion
Biological Theories:
- Instinct
- Drive Reduction
- Arousal
Perspectives on Motivation:
– Instinct
- Inborn, unlearned, goal directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species
- Human behavior is not easily explained by instincts because:
–Important Human behavior is learned
–Human behavior is rarely inflexible
Drive Reduction Theory
- Internal tensions “push” toward satisfying basic needs
- State of tension caused by bodily needs
- Theory is that motivated behavior is an attempt to reduce a drive and return the body to homeostasis
- Primary Drive: unlearned drive such as hunger based on a physiological state
- Secondary Drive: learned drive such as ambition
Arousal Theory
- Motivated to seek an optimal level of arousal for a given moment
- Yerkes-Dodson Law: there is an optimal level or arousal for best performance on any task
- The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance
Optimal Level of Arousal: People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance
Psychosocial Theories:
– Incentives
Motivation that results from the “pull” of external environmental stimuli: External stimuli that prompts goal directed behavior, often, we are unaware of the incentive, for example: Aroma of food may cause us to eat even when we are not hungry, advertisements that lead us to buy a product we do not necessarily need
– Cognitive
- Motivation affected by attributions and expectations:
- Intrinsic motivation: motivation for a behavior is the behavior itself, example children enjoy playing on the swing set
- Extrinsic motivation: Behavior is performed in order to obtain a reward or to avoid punishment: cash incentives at work
Bio-Psychosocial Theories:
- Interaction of biological, psychological, and social needs; lower motives (physiological andsafety) must be met before higher needs (belonging, self-esteem)
Motivation and Behavior – Hunger and Thirst
- Psychological factors: visual cues and cultural conditioning
- Cultural and Environmental factors: Repsonses to food are governed by learning and social conditioning, culture influences what we choose to eat
- Obesity: Results from numerous biological and psychosocial factors
- Anorexia nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa: results from fear of becoming obese resulting from numerous biological and psychosocial factors
Motivation and Behavior – Achievement
- High need for achievement
- Prefers moderately difficult tasks
- Prefers clear goals with competent feedback
- Competitive
- Prefers responsibility
- Persistent
- More Accomplished
Emotion:
Three Components of Emotion
- Physiological: Arousal comes from the brain, particularly the limbic and autonomic nervous system
- Cognitive: Thoughts, values, and expectations
- Behavioral: Expressions, gestures, and body position
Emotion:
- Fear
- Happiness
- Surprise
- Sadness
- Disgust
- Anger
- Anticipation
- Joy
- Acceptance
Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation:
Intrinsic rewards come from within – no monetary value.
Extrinsic rewards may lower interest and motivation.
Emotional Intelligence (EI): Is the ability to know and manage one’s emotions, empathize, and maintain satisfying relationships.
References:
Bernstein, D.A. & Nash, P.W. (2008). Essentials of psychology (4th ed.) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Feldman, R. (2013). Essentials of understanding psychology (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Friedman, H.S. & Schustack, M.W. (2012), Personality: classic theories and modern research (5th ed). Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
McGraw-Hill.McGraw Hill Higher Education (2013), The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.
Ryckman, R. M. (2013). Theories of personality (10th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
Read the video helped a little better with understanding the concept of Motivation and Emotion
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Read and understood.
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Professor I did read this as well I forgot to post “read” I will talk to you after class
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Read and understood!!
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read it and understood
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read and understand
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read/ watched didn’t quite understand Maslow’s Theory
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Read
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Read and understood slightly more than quick review for Memory!
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read and understand most parts
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read and confused
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read and kind of understood
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read and mostly understood
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read and kind of understood
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Read and a little surprised , I always thought motivation was connected to our emotions so I’d like to more in detail about this topic to better understand the differences..
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read, and a little confused
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read and understand
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read, interested subject would love to learn more about
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